Curlie

Scotland

This category leads to websites with information related to multiple areas within Scotland
Please drill down the categories available to find the topic of interest.

Please only suggest websites to sub-categories of this category.
If the website relates to multiple areas within Scotland, or that provides subject matter that pertains
to the Country as a whole, then the Topical subcategories are allowed. namely:: Business and Economy, Society and Culture, Guides and Directories to name just a few.
Then, please select the most specific sub-category available below that,: until there is no appropriate sub-category.
It is more likely your website will belong in a locality sub-category under the appropriate city or county.
If you are unsure of the county, then go straight to the locality, using the Alphabetical list here.
Failure to adhere to the guidelines will delay the review of your submission, and: could result in your website not appearing in the directory.

Aberdeen, City of

Aberdeen is a unitary authority and is also the HQ for Aberdeenshire. ('The Granite City') Some of the local areas include: Bridge of Don Bucksburn Cove Bay Cults Denmore Dyce Kingswells Peterculter Occupies, for the most part, undulating land between the mouths of the River Don to the north and the River Dee to the south. Granted a royal charter in 1179. Aberdeen grew up as two separate burghs - Old Aberdeen at the mouth of the Don and New Aberdeen, a fishing and trading settlement where the Denburn entered the Dee estuary. In 1495 William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen (1483-1514), founded King's College. A century later in 1593 the Protestant George Keith, founded the University of Marischal College which boasts the world's second largest granite building. The two universities were eventually united in 1860. Robert Gordon's College, which was founded in 1730, was constituted as a university in 1992. Dominated by oil and gas-related industries, engineering, fish processing, papermaking, textiles, information technology and construction and transport industries.

If your site is not specifically geared towards this location, please submit to the proper category.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

Submission Tips:
When writing your site''s title please ensure it is the same as your organisation.

When writing your site''s description, please tell what your site offers in a clear and concise statement without hype or promotional language.

Thank-you for your co-operation.

Aberdeenshire

Aberdeenshire is the new region set up as part of the last reorganisation of local councils. It consists of various of the older counties, which overlap with other areas. There may a @link to another area because they are referred to by different names etc. It is still part of Grampian Region (Kincardine & Deeside, Gordon District etc) The main town is Aberdeen (Obviously!) The following is a list of main settlements: Aberchirder, Aboyne, Ballater, Banchory, Banff, Braemer, Ellon, Fraserburgh, Huntly, Inverbervie, Inverurie, Kintore, Oldmeldrum, Peterhead, Portsoy, Rosehearty, Stonehaven, Turriff. Villages are not listed here.

Few sites will qualify for a listing in this category.

If your site pertains to a particular place in the county which has it''s own category, then your site should be submitted under that category - either directly under it, or in an appropriate sub-category.

If your site relates to the whole (or a significant part) of Aberdeenshire, or relates to a locality without its own category, or your business has multiple locations, then please find the most appropriate topical sub-category under Aberdeenshire for your site, and submit it there.

Only if there is no suitable sub-category should you submit your site here.

Angus

Angus is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy area. The council area borders onto Aberdeenshire, Perth and Kinross and Dundee City. Main industries include agriculture and fishing.

If your site pertains to a particular place in Angus which has it''s own category, then your site should be submitted under that category - either directly under it, or in an appropriate sub-category.

If your site relates to the whole (or a significant part) of Angus, or relates to a locality without its own category, or your business has multiple locations, then please find the most appropriate topical sub-category under Angus for your site, and submit it there.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

Submission Tips:

When writing your site''s title please ensure it is the same as your organization.
When writing your site''s description, please state what your site offers in a clear and concise statement, without hype or promotional language.

Argyll and Bute

Here you will find sites relating to all aspects of life in the unitary authority, now known as Argyll and Bute, which incorporates the former Argyll and Bute District Council, part of the former Dumbarton District Council, the old Argyll and part of the old Dumbarton sub-regions of Strathclyde Regional Council

If your site does not include more than one contact within Argyll and Bute, then please submit to the locality category that is included on the site.

If there is not a locality category corresponding to the postal town on the site, then please submit to the most appropriate topical sub-category.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

Submission Tips:

When writing your site''s title please ensure it is the same as your organisation.
When writing your site''s description, please state what your site offers in a clear and concise statement, without hype or promotional language.

Arts and Entertainment

Find links to sites for or about artistic, cultural, and entertainment activities, events, institutions, and organisations. Subjects may include theatre, fine and visual arts, music, literature, and architecture.

If your site is not specifically geared towards this topic, please submit to the proper category.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

Borders

Here you will find sites relating to all aspects of life in the Borders council area.

If your site pertains to a particular place in the Borders which has its own category, then your site should be submitted under that category - either directly under it, or in an appropriate sub-category.

If your site relates to the whole (or a significant part) of the Borders, or relates to a locality without its own category, or your business has multiple locations, then please find the most appropriate topical sub-category under Borders for your site, and submit it there.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

Submission Tips:

When writing your site''s title please ensure it is the same as your organization.
When writing your site''s description, please state what your site offers in a clear and concise statement, without hype or promotional language.

Business and Economy

This category leads to websites with information on business and economic development within Scotland.
Only when the website shows physical addresses in two of the cities or counties listed first,
will it be seen in the Topical sub-categories below.

Please drill down the categories available to find the topic of interest. Websites are listed according
to the location of the offices shown on their website, not on the area claimed to be "covered".

These should include websites of companies and industries.
If you are unsure of the county, then go straight to the locality, using the Alphabetical list here.

Please only suggest websites here if they are for businesses or organisations specifically serving Scotland.

Note that businesses for holiday accommodation and tourism should be suggested to the appropriate sub-category of Travel and Tourism.

If the website does not show physical bases/offices in more the one of the cities or counties here, then it won't be accepted here.
You are advised to click through the localities where the addresses are shown.
If the website shows more that one base or office, but they are within one city or council area,: then the website should be suggested to the most suitable topical category there.
Picking the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from appearing listed in the directory.

Here are some tips:

Listings are based on location and not area covered.
For inclusion we must be able to verify your location preferably by an address, postcode and land-phone, actually on the website. (Just a mobile phone number and email address is insufficient)

Clackmannanshire

Clackmannanshire occupies territory between the Ochil Hills to the north, which rise to heights of more than 2,000 feet, and the River Forth to the south. It comprises a lowland plain forming the valleys of the River Forth and of the River Devon which joins the Forth near Cambus. Affectionately remembered as the 'Wee County', Clackmannanshire was Britain's smallest county prior to its inclusion in Central Region between 1975 and 1996. A local government area once again, Clackmannanshire is the second smallest, after Dundee City, of Scotland's new unitary authorities.

If your site pertains to a particular place in Clackmannanshire which has it''s own category, then your site should be submitted under that category - either directly under it, or in an appropriate sub-category.

If your site relates to the whole (or a significant part) of Clackmannanshire, or relates to a locality without its own category, or your business has multiple locations, then please find the most appropriate topical sub-category under Clackmannanshire for your site, and submit it there.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

Submission Tips:

When writing your site''s title please ensure it is the same as your organization.
When writing your site''s description, please state what your site offers in a clear and concise statement, without hype or promotional language.

Dumfries and Galloway

Here you will find websites relating to all aspects of life in the unitary authority, now known as Dumfries and Gallaway,: which incorporates the old counties of Dumfriesshire, Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire.

If your website does not include more than one physical address within Dumfries and Gallaway, then please suggest it to the locality category that is included on the site.

If there is not a locality category corresponding to the postal town on the website, then please suggest it to the most appropriate topical sub-category.
Suggesting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from appearing in the directory.
Submission Tips:: When writing your website's title please ensure it is the same as the organisation.; When writing your website's description, please state what the website offers in a clear and concise statement, without hype or promotional language.

Dundee, City of

This category includes sites related to Dundee, Scotland, UK. Dundee is Scotland's fourth largest city with a population of approximately 143,000. It is located on the northern coast of the mouth of the Tay Estuary, 60 miles north of Edinburgh and 67 miles south of Aberdeen.

Please only submit sites that are specific to Dundee. When submitting a site please select a suitable subcategory.

Thank you.

East Ayrshire

Links related to the East Ayrshire region of Scotland.

This category is for sites that either cover the whole of the area or sites that do not have a specific locality. Please submit your site to the appropriate sub-category as very few sites will fit into this category.

If your site is not specifically geared towards this location, please submit to the proper category.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

East Dunbartonshire

East Dunbartonshire is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders onto the north-west of Glasgow. It contains many of the suburbs, commuter towns and villages of Glasgow.

If your site pertains to a particular place in East Dunbartonshire which has its own category, then your site should be submitted under that category - either directly under it, or in an appropriate sub-category.

If your site relates to the whole (or a significant part) of East Dunbartonshire, or relates to a locality without its own category, or your business has multiple locations, then please find the most appropriate topical sub-category under East Dunbartonshire for your site, and submit it there.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

Submission Tips:

When writing your site''s title please ensure it is the same as your organization.
When writing your site''s description, please state what your site offers in a clear and concise statement, without hype or promotional language.

East Lothian

Here you will find sites relating to all aspects of East Lothian life - business, community, travel, culture and so on.

If your site is not specifically geared towards this topic, please submit to the proper category.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

East Renfrewshire

Includes Barrhead, Neilston, Uplawmoor, Newton Mearns, Eaglesham, Busby, Clarkston and Giffnock.

Edinburgh, City of

Links related to Edinburgh, Scotland's Capital city. The intention is to keep as few sites as possible in the top category, so if you're submitting, you may want to find the best place for your site.

This top level category is intended for sites that do not fit into any of the sub categories that are beneath Edinburgh City or any of its localities. If you site pertains to a business then submit it to the Business and Economy category or one of its sub-categories. Submissions for Travel and Tourism fit in that category or one of its sub categories.

If you incorrectly submit your site to this category it may be deleted without review. Sites that are correctly submitted to sub-categories stand more chance of being reviewed at an earlier time due to the volume of incorrect submissions that are received.

Thank you for your co-operation.

Education

The category contains sites for education institutions located in more than one county of Scotland and for issues and organisations which cover Scotland only.

Only submit sites to this category which cover more than one unitary authority of Scotland, i.e., that have campuses or locations in more than one place. This category is also appropriate for education issues and organisations which cover Scotland only.

Sites applicable to more than one country of the UK should be submitted to the UK level.

Please submit school websites to the appropriate locality eg. City of Glasgow.

If you submit your school site here it will probably take longer to get it listed - possibly indefinitely.

Falkirk District

Falkirk is one of the 32 unitary authority council areas in Scotland. It borders onto North Lanarkshire to the south-west, Stirling to the north-west, West Lothian to the south-east and across the Firth of Forth to Fife.

Sites for the town of Falkirk should be submitted to Falkirk_District/Falkirk

If your site pertains to a particular place in Falkirk District which has its own category, then your site should be submitted under that category - either directly under it, or in an appropriate sub-category.

If your site relates to the whole (or a significant part) of Falkirk District, or relates to a locality without its own category, or your business has multiple locations, then please find the most appropriate topical sub-category under Falkirk District for your site, and submit it there.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

Submission Tips:

When writing your site''s title please ensure it is the same as your organization.
When writing your site''s description, please state what your site offers in a clear and concise statement, without hype or promotional language.

Sites for the town of Falkirk should be submitted to Falkirk_District/Falkirk

Fife

Links related to the Fife region of Scotland.

This category is for sites that either cover the whole of the area or sites that do not have a specific locality. Please submit your site to the appropriate sub-category within this one as very few sites will fit into here.

If your site pertains to a particular place in Fife which has its own category, then your site should be submitted under that category - either directly under it, or in an appropriate sub-category.

If your site relates to the whole (or a significant part) of Fife, or relates to a locality without its own category, or your business has multiple locations, then please find the most appropriate topical sub-category under Fife for your site, and submit it there.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

Submission Tips:

When writing your site''s title please ensure it is the same as your organization.
When writing your site''s description, please state what your site offers in a clear and concise statement, without hype or promotional language.

Glasgow, City of

Glasgow is Scotland's largest city. This category corresponds to the administrative area of the City of Glasgow, which is smaller than the more or less continuous built up area. Some of the out-lying areas belong to the neighbouring administrations of East Dunbartonshire, West Dunbartonshire, North Lanarkshire, East Renfrewshire, South Lanarkshire, and Renfrewshire. Site for such areas are listed under their respective categories.

Very few sites will qualify for a listing in this category.

This category corresponds to the administrative area of the City of Glasgow, which is smaller than the more or less continuous built up area. Some of the out-lying areas belong to neighbouring administrations. If your site pertains to one of these areas which has its own category, then it should be submitted under that category - either directly under it, or in an appropriate sub-category.

If your site relates to somewhere within the area administered by the City Council, then please find the most appropriate topical sub-category for your site, and submit it there.

Submitting inappropriate sites here will only delay their review and potential listing by editors.

Guides and Directories

This category is used to list guide and directory sites for Scotland. Directory sites are those that are largely composed of a links section that is usually indexed by subject area or location. Guide sites are normally used to offer information about a specific geographic area (usually for the benefit of visitors to that area).

Please view the notes in the category description section for guidance on the type of sites to submit to this category.

Also please ensure that your guide or directory site covers the majority of Scotland.

If your site only covers a region of Scotland then please submit it to the appropriate regional section and not this category.

Health

Health and health related sites that are specifically based in or aimed at people in Scotland.

If your site is not specifically geared towards this location, please submit to the proper category.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

Highland

Links related to the Highland region of Scotland.

If your site is not specifically geared towards this location, please submit to the proper category.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

Inverclyde

District of Inverclyde in Scotland consisting of Greenock, Gourock, Port-Glasgow, Kilmacolm, Inverkip & Wemyss Bay

Please submit sites that have a connection to Inverclyde.

Localities

Please do not submit here. This page is used for links only.

A list of current Scottish city''s and towns in the Open Directory Project.

Midlothian

Please only submit sites about Bonnyrigg to this category.

Moray

Moray is a unitary authority stretching along the north east coast of Scotland. Comprising a natural and man made landscape of remarkable diversity from the high peaks of the Cairngorms through rolling hills to the Laich of Moray, a fertile tract of lowland. Being protected by the sweep of the Cairngorm Mountains and having the benefit of the Atlantic Drift to warm its coastal waters gives Moray a milder climate than the rest of the country. The capital town, Elgin, thrives as a centre of administration, education, tourism and trade with agricultural, service and textile industries. It was one of the first Scots burghs created in the 12th century by David I. Occupying a strategic site on the route from Aberdeen to Inverness, its ruined castle was the reputed scene of the murder of King Duncan by Macbeth. Moray is distillery country, "Rome was built on seven hills, and Dufftown built on seven stills," and many well known malt whiskies are distilled within the boundaries of Moray. Moray is home to two Royal Air Force bases, RAF Kinloss and RAF Lossiemouth. RAF Kinloss is situated beside Findhorn Bay on the coast, a little north of Forres. The large base is home to the RAF's entire Nimrod MR2 fleet. RAF Lossiemouth, situated 5 miles north of Elgin, is one of the RAF's most important bases hosting 4 front-line primary attack squadrons of Tornado GR1 and GR4's.

If your site is not specifically geared towards this location, please submit to the proper category.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

North Lanarkshire

North Lanarkshire is a unitary council area of Scotland. It borders onto the north-east of the City of Glasgow and contains much of Glasgow's suburbs and commuter towns and villages.

If your site pertains to a particular place in North Lanarkshire which has it''s own category, then your site should be submitted under that category - either directly under it, or in an appropriate sub-category.

If your site relates to the whole (or a significant part) of North Lanarkshire, or relates to a locality without its own category, or your business has multiple locations, then please find the most appropriate topical sub-category under North Lanarkshire for your site, and submit it there.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

Submission Tips:

When writing your site''s title please ensure it is the same as your organization.
When writing your site''s description, please state what your site offers in a clear and concise statement, without hype or promotional language.

Orkney Islands

The Orkney Islands lie off the northern tip of Scotland where the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean meet. Comprising 67 islands, Orkney covers an area of approximately 376 square miles. Of the islands, less than one-third are inhabited, the islands having a total population of approximately 19,450 people. The majority of people live on Orkney's largest island, the land mass known as "the Mainland", with the greatest population concentrations being around the mainland towns of Kirkwall and Stromness. The islanders are often known as Orcadians; this comes from the Latin name of "Orcades", recorded by the Roman writer Diodorus Siculus around about the time of Julius Caesar's invasion of Britain.

Please attempt to submit sites to the relevant subcategory rather than the top level. If you have something to sell, your site goes in "Business and Economy", unless you are a small craft trader, in which case, submit your site in "Recreation and Sports/Crafts". If your site relates to the culture and history of the islands, or is a society or association, submit it to "Society and Culture". Other areas should be fairly self-explanatory.

Perth and Kinross

Perth and Kinross is a Scottish Unitary Authority Area within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

If your site pertains to a particular place in Perth and Kinross which has its own category, then your site should be submitted under that category - either directly under it, or in an appropriate sub-category.

If your site relates to the whole (or a significant part) of Perth and Kinross, or relates to a locality without its own category, or your business has multiple locations, then please find the most appropriate topical sub-category under Perth and Kinross for your site, and submit it there.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

Submission Tips:

When writing your site''s title please ensure it is the same as your organization.
When writing your site''s description, please state what your site offers in a clear and concise statement, without hype or promotional language.

Recreation and Sports

This category includes sites about hobbies, sports and participatory recreational activities specific to the whole of Scotland; including recreation organisations, services, facilities and events. Local clubs should be submitted to the appropriate locality. Businesses selling sporting or recreational goods are listed within Scotland/Business_and_Economy/Shopping

If your site is not specifically geared towards this topic, please submit to the proper category.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

Renfrewshire

Renfrewshire is a Unitary Authority Area within Scotland, UK. It includes Lochwinnoch, Bridge of Weir, Kilbarchan, Houston, Elderslie, Johnston, Howwood, Paisley, Renfrew, Erskine, and Bishopton. The traditional county of Renfrewshire covered a much larger region, including areas which are now part of Inverclyde and East Renfrewshire, and the City of Glasgow.

Very few sites will qualify for a listing in this category.

If your site pertains to a particular place in the county which has its own category, then your site should be submitted under that category - either directly under it, or in an appropriate sub-category.

If your site relates to the whole (or a significant part) of the county, or relates to a locality without its own category, or your business has multiple locations, then please find the most appropriate topical sub-category under Renfrewshire for your site, and submit it there.

Only if there is no suitable sub-category should you submit your site here.

Submitting inappropriate sites here will only delay their review and potential listing by editors.

Science and Environment

This category includes sites about Scotland's geography, natural environment and wildlife. It also contains sites about Scottish activities, events, institutions and organisations related to science and the environment.

Please submit to this category only websites relevant to the whole of Scotland.

Websites relevant to specific localities in Scotland should be submitted to the category for that locality and to United_Kingdom/Science_and_Environment.

Shetland Islands

The Shetland Islands are the most northerly part of the United Kingdom, with much of the landmass north of 60 degrees latitude. As a result of this, it never gets completely dark in summer (and vice versa, of course!) The islands are a magical place; you can go out for a day's walking and not meet another soul. The weather is renowned for its unpredictability: it is often said, "If you don't like the weather in Shetland, just wait ten minutes, and it will have changed completely!" Despite its remoteness, Shetland is well connected to the Internet and has a surprising number of online sites.

South Ayrshire

South Ayrshire is a Unitary Authority Area within Scotland, UK.

Few sites will qualify for a listing in this category.

If your site pertains to a particular place in South Ayrshire which has it''s own category, then your site should be submitted under that category - either directly under it, or in an appropriate sub-category.

If your site relates to the whole (or a significant part) of South Ayrshire, or relates to a locality without its own category, or your business has multiple locations, then please find the most appropriate topical sub-category under South Ayrshire for your site, and submit it there.

Only if there is no suitable sub-category should you submit your site here.

Submitting inappropriate sites here will only delay their review and potential listing by editors

South Lanarkshire

South Lanarkshire is a unitary council areas of Scotland, covering the southern part of the former county of Lanarkshire. It borders the south-east of Glasgow and contains some of Glasgow's suburbs, commuter towns and smaller villages.

If your site pertains to a particular place in South Lanarkshire which has it''s own category, then your site should be submitted under that category - either directly under it, or in an appropriate sub-category.

If your site relates to the whole (or a significant part) of South Lanarkshire, or relates to a locality without its own category, or your business has multiple locations, then please find the most appropriate topical sub-category under South Lanarkshire for your site, and submit it there.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

Submission Tips:

When writing your site''s title please ensure it is the same as your organization.
When writing your site''s description, please state what your site offers in a clear and concise statement, without hype or promotional language.

Stirling District

Stirling is a Unitary Authority Area within Scotland, UK. Note that the Unitary Authority District of Stirling (to which this category corresponds) is smaller than the traditional county of Stirlingshire. Falkirk and the surrounding area, is now part of Falkirk District which has its own category.

Very few sites will qualify for a listing in this category.

If your site pertains to a particular place in the district which has it''s own category, then your site should be submitted under that category - either directly under it, or in an appropriate sub-category.

If your site relates to the whole (or a significant part) of Stirling District, or relates to a locality without its own category, or your business has multiple locations, then please find the most appropriate topical sub-category under Stirling District for your site, and submit it there.

Only if there is no suitable sub-category should you submit your site here.

Submitting inappropriate sites here will only delay their review and potential listing by editors

Travel and Tourism

Contains sites which provide information that relates to the whole of Scotland or a number of areas or locations in the Country

Please only submit sites for review that contain tourism or travel information that relates to the whole of Scotland or that cover more than one area or location in the Country.

There are sub-categories that cover specific areas of the travel and tourism industry beneath this category e.g. Accommodation and Travel Guides. Sites that relate to a specific location or establishment should be submitted to the locality that covers that area.

Your help in this matter would be appreciated.

Western Isles

Here you will find sites relating to all aspects of Western Isles life - business, community, travel, culture and so on.

If your site is not specifically geared towards this location, please submit to the proper category.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

West Dunbartonshire

West Dunbartonshire, named after the county town, Dumbarton, (note the difference in spelling of the town and the county) is a small county in Scotland with a large tourist infrastructure. This is based mainly on its scenic qualities. It is sometimes known as "The Gateway to the Highlands". The southern shore of Loch Lomond, the UK's largest loch (lake) is in West Dunbartonshire, at Balloch, one of the main tourist centres. Other major towns include Helensburgh, Alexandria and Clydebank.

Please submit only sites based in, or having major links to West Dunbartonshire to this category.

West Lothian

West Lothian is unitary council area in Scotland. It borders the City of Edinburgh, Scottish Borders, South Lanarkshire, North Lanarkshire and Falkirk.

If your site pertains to a particular place in West Lothian which has its own category, then your site should be submitted under that category - either directly under it, or in an appropriate sub-category.

If your site relates to the whole (or a significant part) of West Lothian, or relates to a locality without its own category, or your business has multiple locations, then please find the most appropriate topical sub-category under West Lothian for your site, and submit it there.

Submitting to the wrong category will delay and/or prevent your site from being listed in the directory.

Submission Tips:

When writing your site''s title please ensure it is the same as your organization.
When writing your site''s description, please state what your site offers in a clear and concise statement, without hype or promotional language.