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Biology

Biology is the branch of science which studies living organisms and how they interact with each other and their environment. It examines the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living things. It also classifies and describes organisms and their inter-relationships.

No sites are listed at this level. Please submit your site to the most appropriate sub-category. Submitting to an incorrect category may delay review of your site.
Please submit only websites that have English language content to this category and its subcategories. If your site is in a language other than English, please submit it to the appropriate category of World.

Academic Departments

Listed sites are the official homepages, as found by visiting the university or institution main page and then following links to the department of Biology.

There are separate categories for many different branches of biology.
Please submit your site to the most appropriate category. Submitting to an incorrect category may delay review of your site.
Please submit only websites that have English language content to this category and its subcategories. If your site is in a language other than English, please submit it to the appropriate category of World.

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules. This category includes the fields of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Molecular Genetics and Proteomics.

Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is broadly defined as the use of computers to analyse biological information. The most common form of bioinformatics is studying the vast amounts of DNA and protein sequence that are now available. However, there are many other possible applications of computers in biology, such as simulating populations, analysing experimental gels and storing information about the phenotypes of mutant organisms.

Biomechanics

This category is for sites about biomechanics which is the study of the mechanics of living organisms and the application of engineering principles to and from biological systems.

Biophysics

Biophysics is the application of physical principles, both classical and modern, to problems involving biological systems.

Medically relevant sites should be submitted to Medical Physics.
Please submit your site to the most appropriate category. Submitting to an incorrect category may delay review of your site.
Please submit only websites that have English language content to this category and its subcategories. If your site is in a language other than English, please submit it to the appropriate category of World.

Biotechnology

This category tree leads to websites on Biotechnology which uses living organisms to create products that benefit mankind, such as foods, drugs, and waste recycling.

Please only suggest websites to subcategories.

These should deal with scientific research in biotechnology
Websites devoted to the business and industrial aspects of biotechnology, including commercial entities and companies engaged in the use of cellular and molecular processes for the purposes of drug discovery and production, research, and biologically engineered food production, should be suggested under Business/Biotechnology_and_Pharmaceuticals.

Botany

Botany is a branch of biology and is the scientific study of plant life and development. It includes study of the structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases and chemical properties of plants and the evolutionary relationships between the different groups.

Please submit your site to the most appropriate category. Submitting to an incorrect category may delay review of your site.
Please submit only websites that have English language content to this category and its subcategories. If your site is in a language other than English, please submit it to the appropriate category of World.
Sites offering plants or seeds for sale should be submitted to the appropriate Shopping/Home and Garden/Plants or Home/Gardens/Plants category. Sites discussing the use of plants as healing agents should be submitted to Health/Alternative/Herbs or Health/Alternative/Folk Medicine, as appropriate.

Cell Biology

Cell biology lies at the center of the biological sciences, constituting the bridge between the sub-cellular, molecular levels of organization and the super-cellular, tissue-based and organismal levels. Historically, cell biology has relied upon biochemical and biophysical methods, microscopy, cell manipulation and pharmacological intervention for its progress. However, with the advent of modern techniques in molecular genetics and recombinant DNA technology, cell biology has become more closely allied to the fields of molecular and developmental biology and genetics. Much recent progress in cell biology also derives from discovery of new chemical compounds with effects on cellular processes. Furthermore, cell biology is at the heart of research on cancer, and as the understanding of the cell grows, cell biology has emerged as an important discipline in the biomedical sciences and medicine.

Submit sites here only if the topic they cover exceeds the specific topics in one of the sub-categories. If the scope extends beyond this field of science, then please submit the site to one of the related categories instead.

Chats and Forums

Contains newsletters, newsgroups, forums, message boards and chat rooms which discuss life science related topics.

Cryobiology

Cryobiology is the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things, from whole animals and plants to organs and individual cells. This category also includes companies which research and store frozen tissue for transplant and other uses.

Developmental Biology

The development of an organism or tissue from an egg, seed, spore or other type of progenitor cell is the subject of developmental biology. Developmental biology encompasses the field of embryology - the study of the embryo - and touches upon a number of other disciplines, including cell and molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry. Most research in developmental biology focuses on model biological systems for which powerful tools of manipulation exist, each offering its own advantages. Modern molecular studies on model systems have revealed a remarkable degree of conservation of genes and proteins involved in development between even distantly related organisms, contributing to a new awareness of the relatedness of all species. Research in developmental biology has contributed immensely to our understanding of hereditary diseases affecting human development, and the promise of better treatments or cures for human diseases based on basic research in other species is very exciting.

Please submit sites with resources focusing on teaching, learning and educational research in developmental biology.
Sites primarily about university facilities, should be submitted to the most appropriate Academic Departments category.

Directories

Organized collections of links to internet resources related to biology topics. Many of the branches of biology have their own directories category.

Ecology

Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their natural environment.

These relationships include physiological responses of individuals, structure and dynamics of populations, interactions among species, organization of biological communities, and processing of energy and matter in ecosystems.

Please submit your site to the most appropriate category. Submitting to an incorrect category may delay review of your site.
Please submit only websites that have English language content to this category and its subcategories. If your site is in a language other than English, please submit it to the appropriate category of World.

Education

Submit sites describing summer research opportunities for secondary school and undergraduate students. Include information about application, program duration, stipends, travel, housing, program schedule, etc.

Employment

The biology employment category offers information about career development, job vacancy listings, resumes, and staffing services for those interested in the life sciences.

This category covers employment topic for biology also know as the life sciences. Sites that cover various science fields should be submitted to Science/Employment.

Ethics

This category is designed strictly to contain @Links to the other dedicated ethics categories, relevant to Biology. Please follow those @Links to the most pertinent category for submission of any ethics-related websites.

Evolution

This category is for scientific sites about evolution in biology. Evolution is the process by which living things change over generations. Evolutionary biology is the study of how and why evolution occurs. An organism inherits traits from its parents through the genome. Mutations in these genes and/or the way they are read, or not read, can produce a new trait in the offspring. If a new trait makes these offspring better suited to their environment, they will be more successful at surviving and reproducing. This process is called natural selection, and it causes useful traits to become more common. The theory of evolution by natural selection was first proposed by Charles Darwin in his book “On the Origin of Species”, written in 1859.

This category is reserved for sites about the Biology of Evolution. Sites opposing the Theory of Evolution may be submitted to sub-categories of Science: Anomalies and Alternative Science such as Criticism of Darwinism or Creationism.

Flora and Fauna

This category is intended for websites about the biology of specific organisms or taxonomic groups. The structure is organized according to a taxonomy tree, with the top-level subcategories being the five Kingdoms plus Viruses. Potential contents include descriptions and images of the organisms, classification, anatomy, physiology, behavior, distribution, reproduction and life cycle, habitat, biological or ecological aspects of management, endangered-species status, etc.

Genetics

Genetics is the branch of biology which deals with heredity and variation in living organisms.
The modern science of genetics started with the work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-nineteenth century. He found that organisms inherit traits in a discrete way and the basic units of inheritance are now called genes.

Histology

Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals.

Webpages dealing with anatomy of the human body that is larger than the microscopic level should be listed in Anatomy.
Sites that examine the biology at the subcellular level should be listed in Cell_Biology.
And, pages that study diseased tissues should be submitted to Histopathology.
Please submit your site to the most appropriate category. Submitting to an incorrect category may delay review of your site.
Please submit only websites that have English language content to this category and its subcategories. If your site is in a language other than English, please submit it to the appropriate category of World.

History

This category covers general sites on the history of biology which traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times.
Over the 18th and 19th centuries, biological sciences such as botany and zoology became increasingly professional scientific disciplines and in the 20th century many important fields were further developed.

Immunology

Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in organisms. It includes the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of health and disease, and malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders.

Meetings

Conferences featuring Biology related topics or topics of interest to those working in the biological field.

Sites in languages other than English should be submitted to the appropriate category of World

Methods and Techniques

Methods and techniques that are useful in a broad range of biological applications include statistical methods, analytical methods, lab protocols, microscopy and microanalysis. Because many methods and techniques are themselves important fields or subfields of biology addressed elsewhere in the Open Directory, this category contains numerous cross-links to other categories.

Microbiology

Microbiology is the study of life and organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye which include bacteria, viruses, prions, microscopic fungi and protists. It includes the branches of bacteriology, virology, mycology and parasitology.

Mycology

Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties and their taxonomy. Much study focuses on yeasts and microscopic fungi, many of which are plant and animal pathogens.

Neurobiology

Neurobiology is the branch of biology that studies the cells of the nervous system and the organization of these cells into functional circuits that process information and mediate behavior.

News and Media

This category is for sites providing current news and features about biology. Sites related to a specific branch of biology should be submitted to the appropriate branch category.

Organizations

This category is for organizations which do not themselves conduct scientific research but aim to spread information about such research. They organize meetings, publish journals and provide research grants for scientists in the field.

Please try to find the most appropriate discipline and submit your site there. Sites in languages other than English should be submitted to the appropriate category of World

Physiology

This category is for sites about physiology, the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms.

Products and Services

Products and Services include all of the specialized apparatus, equipment, services and other things that scientific researchers, teachers, and engineers working in the field of Biology need in the course of their work.
Pick an appropriate subcategory and then submit your English Language site there.

Please submit your site to the most appropriate category. Submitting to an incorrect category may delay review of your site.
Sites in languages other than English should be submitted to the appropriate category of World

Publications

This category is for websites dealing with biology-themed books, magazines, journals, and other publications. Many branches of Biology have their own category for journals which can be reached through the appropriate link.

Reference

Provides reference webpages and tools for biological sciences.
Some examples would be lists of constants, measurement conversions, online calculators, formula tables, exact time, properties of materials, technical standards, data, glossaries and acronyms.

Please submit your site to the most appropriate category or subcategory. Submitting to an incorrect category may delay review of your site.
Please submit only websites that have English language content to this category and its subcategories. If your site is in a language other than English, please submit it to the appropriate category of World.

Research Funding

This category is for organizations that provide grants and funds for research in biology.

Please submit your site to the most appropriate category. Submitting to an incorrect category may delay review of your site.
Please submit only websites that have English language content to this category and its subcategories. If your site is in a language other than English, please submit it to the appropriate category of World.

Research Groups and Centers

Most research activities will either occur in academic departments or in research institutes (which may either be in universities or external). Both of these are included in this category.

Search Engines

This category lists engines which search databases of life science information and literature.

Sociobiology

Sociobiology is an area of study combining biology and sociology that attempts to explain social behavior in all species by considering the evolutionary advantages the behaviors may have.

Software

This category is for sites about software aimed primarily at research, evaluation or education in biology. Many branches of Biology have their own category for software which can be reached through the appropriate link. Please submit general-purpose LIMS to the Lab_Computers_and_Software category. Please submit software focused on *clinical* biology to its appropriate category in health or medicine.

Taxonomy

Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification. This category is for sites about the taxonomy of living and extinct organisms. It includes classical Linnaean taxonomy and phylogenetic taxonomy or cladism, which groups taxa using derived traits.

Theoretical Biology

Theoretical biology attempts to explain the biological world using mainly mathematical and computational tools. Though ultimately based on observations and experimental results, the theoretical biologist's product is a model or theory.

Toxicology

Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. A poison is defined as any substance that causes a harmful effect, either by accident or design, when administered to a living organism.

Please submit sites here only if they are about assays, methods or techniques to obtain toxicological information on substances in the environment, food or administered as drugs.
Please submit your site to the most appropriate category. Submitting to an incorrect category may delay review of your site.
Please submit only websites that have English language content to this category and its subcategories. If your site is in a language other than English, please submit it to the appropriate category of World.

Zoology

This category is for sites about zoology which is the branch of biology concerned with the study of animals including their anatomy, morphology, embryology and the function of their parts.
Sites about individual species or groups of species should be submitted to the appropriate category of Animalia.